Freesia is a genus of herbaceous perennial flowering crops in the family Iridaceae, first described as a genus in 1866 by Chr. Fr. Echlon (1795-1868) and known as after German botanist and doctor Friedrich Freese (1794-1878). It is native to the eastern aspect of southern Africa, from Kenya south to South Africa, most types being found in Cape Provinces. Species of the previous genus Anomatheca are actually included in Freesia. The vegetation commonly known as "freesias", with fragrant funnel-shaped plants, are cultivated hybrids of lots of Freesia kinds. Some other species are also grown as ornamental crops.
They can be herbaceous plant life which increase from a conical corm 1-2.5 cm size, which sends up a tuft of thin leaves 10-30 cm long, and a sparsely branched stem 10-40 cm high bearing a few leaves and a loose one-sided spike of bouquets with six tepals. Many types have fragrant narrowly funnel-shaped blossoms, although those previously located in the genus Anomatheca, such as F. laxa, have even flowers. Freesias are used as food crops by the larvae of some Lepidoptera kinds including Large Yellowish Underwing.
CULTIVATION AND USES
The plant life usually called "freesias" are derived from crosses made in the 19th century between F. refracta and F. leichtlinii. Numerous cultivars have been bred from these species and the red- and yellow-flowered types of F. corymbosa. Modern tetraploid cultivars have blossoms ranging from white to yellowish, pink, red and blue-mauve. They can be mostly cultivated appropriately in holland by about 80 growers.[3] Freesias can be easily increased from seed. Because of the specific and attractive scent, they are often used in hand lotions, shampoos, candles, etc.[citation needed], however, the plants are mainly utilized in wedding bouquets. They can be planted in the land in USDA Hardiness Areas 9-10 (i.e. where the temperature does not show up below about -7 ?C (20 ?F)), and in the planting season in Areas 4-8.
Freesia laxa (formerly called Lapeirousia laxa or Anomatheca cruenta) is one of the other types of the genus which is commonly cultivated. Smaller than the scented freesia cultivars, they have flat alternatively than cup-shaped bouquets. Extensive 'forcing' of the bulb occurs in two Moon Bay in California where several growers chill the light bulbs in proprietary methods to satisfy frigid dormancy which results in creation of buds inside a predicted variety of weeks - often 5 weeks at 55 ?F (13 ?C).
Herbaceous plants (in botanical use frequently simply natural herbs) are vegetation which may have no continual woody stem above surface. Herbaceous plant life may be annuals, biennials or perennials. Annual herbaceous plants die completely by the end of the growing season or when they have flowered and fruited, and they then develop again from seed. Herbaceous perennial and biennial crops may have stems that die by the end of the growing season, but elements of the plant endure under or near to the ground from season to season (for biennials, before next growing season, when they blossom and expire). New development develops from living tissues staying on or under the bottom, including origins, a caudex (a thickened part of the stem at ground level) or numerous kinds of underground stems, such as bulbs, corms, stolons, rhizomes and tubers. Types of herbaceous biennials include carrot, parsnip and common ragwort; herbaceous perennials include potato, peony, hosta, mint, most ferns and most grasses. In comparison, non-herbaceous perennial crops are woody vegetation that have stems above surface that remain alive during the dormant season and increase shoots the next season from the above-ground parts - included in these are trees, shrubs and vines.
The French Bouquet Blog inspiring wedding amp; event florals » Lush
If you can’t get enough of this lovely wedding then be sure to check
Great french tulips in peach with white freesia and spray roses, and
Silk Coral Pink Freesia and Ivory Rose Wedding Cake Spray
, Quicksand Roses, Ranunculus, and Freesia The French Bouquet
Freesia is a genus of herbaceous perennial flowering vegetation in the family Iridaceae, first referred to as a genus in 1866 by Chr. Fr. Echlon (1795-1868) and named after German botanist and doctor Friedrich Freese (1794-1878). It is local to the eastern side of southern Africa, from Kenya south to South Africa, most types being within Cape Provinces. Species of the past genus Anomatheca are actually contained in Freesia. The plants commonly known as "freesias", with fragrant funnel-shaped flowers, are cultivated hybrids of a number of Freesia species. Some other varieties are also produced as ornamental plant life.
They are simply herbaceous plant life which increase from a conical corm 1-2.5 cm size, which transmits up a tuft of thin leaves 10-30 cm long, and a sparsely branched stem 10-40 cm extra tall bearing a few leaves and a loose one-sided spike of blooms with six tepals. Many kinds have fragrant narrowly funnel-shaped bouquets, although those previously put in the genus Anomatheca, such as F. laxa, have smooth flowers. Freesias are being used as food plant life by the larvae of some Lepidoptera varieties including Large Yellow Underwing.
CULTIVATION AND USES
The crops usually called "freesias" are derived from crosses made in the 19th hundred years between F. refracta and F. leichtlinii. Numerous cultivars have been bred from these kinds and the pink- and yellow-flowered forms of F. corymbosa. Modern tetraploid cultivars have bouquets which range from white to yellow, pink, red and blue-mauve. They can be mostly cultivated properly in the Netherlands by about 80 growers.[3] Freesias can be quickly increased from seed. Because of the specific and desirable scent, they are often used in palm ointments, shampoos, candles, etc.[citation needed], however, the blossoms are mainly used in wedding bouquets. They could be planted in the semester in USDA Hardiness Areas 9-10 (i.e. where in fact the temperature will not land below about -7 ?C (20 ?F)), and in the spring and coil in Areas 4-8.
Freesia laxa (previously called Lapeirousia laxa or Anomatheca cruenta) is one of the other species of the genus which is often cultivated. Smaller than the scented freesia cultivars, they have flat alternatively than cup-shaped blossoms. Extensive 'forcing' of this bulb occurs in Half Moon Bay in California where several growers chill the lights in proprietary methods to satisfy cool dormancy which results in creation of buds within a predicted volume of weeks - often 5 weeks at 55 ?F (13 ?C).
Herbaceous plant life (in botanical use frequently simply natural remedies) are plants which may have no continual woody stem above floor. Herbaceous vegetation may be annuals, biennials or perennials. Total annual herbaceous plants perish completely at the end of the growing season or when they may have flowered and fruited, plus they then grow again from seed. Herbaceous perennial and biennial plants may have stems that die at the end of the growing season, but elements of the plant make it through under or near the ground from season to season (for biennials, until the next growing season, when they bloom and die). New growth evolves from living tissue staying on or under the bottom, including roots, a caudex (a thickened portion of the stem at ground level) or various types of underground stems, such as light bulbs, corms, stolons, rhizomes and tubers. Examples of herbaceous biennials include carrot, parsnip and common ragwort; herbaceous perennials include potato, peony, hosta, mint, most ferns & most grasses. By contrast, non-herbaceous perennial crops are woody vegetation that have stems above floor that continue to be alive through the dormant season and expand shoots another year from the above-ground parts - these include trees and shrubs, shrubs and vines.
Adding Freesia Continuing Wedding Bouquet Tutorial
whitefreesiabridal bouquet
Bouquets, Flowers, Roses, Bouquet, Calla, Bridal, Hand, Lily, Freesia
wedding bouquets
Ivory White Wedding Bridal Bouquet w/ Real Touch Roses amp; Freesia Ivory
Freesia is a genus of herbaceous perennial flowering crops in the family Iridaceae, first referred to as a genus in 1866 by Chr. Fr. Echlon (1795-1868) and known as after German botanist and doctor Friedrich Freese (1794-1878). It is local to the eastern area of southern Africa, from Kenya south to South Africa, most varieties being within Cape Provinces. Types of the ex - genus Anomatheca are actually contained in Freesia. The plant life commonly known as "freesias", with fragrant funnel-shaped blooms, are cultivated hybrids of a number of Freesia types. Some other varieties are also grown as ornamental plants.
They can be herbaceous crops which increase from a conical corm 1-2.5 cm diameter, which delivers up a tuft of narrow leaves 10-30 cm long, and a sparsely branched stem 10-40 cm high bearing a few leaves and a loose one-sided spike of blossoms with six tepals. Many varieties have fragrant narrowly funnel-shaped blossoms, although those previously placed in the genus Anomatheca, such as F. laxa, have flat flowers. Freesias are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera varieties including Large Yellowish Underwing.
CULTIVATION AND USES
The plant life usually called "freesias" derive from crosses manufactured in the 19th hundred years between F. refracta and F. leichtlinii. Numerous cultivars have been bred from these varieties and the green- and yellow-flowered forms of F. corymbosa. Modern tetraploid cultivars have blossoms ranging from white to yellow, pink, red and blue-mauve. They can be mostly cultivated properly in holland by about 80 growers.[3] Freesias can be conveniently increased from seed. Due to their specific and satisfying scent, they are generally used in hand creams, shampoos, candles, etc.[citation needed], however, the blossoms are mainly utilized in wedding bouquets. They can be planted in the fall in USDA Hardiness Areas 9-10 (i.e. where the temperature does not show up below about -7 ?C (20 ?F)), and in the spring in Zones 4-8.
Freesia laxa (formerly called Lapeirousia laxa or Anomatheca cruenta) is one of the other kinds of the genus which is often cultivated. Smaller than the scented freesia cultivars, it offers flat alternatively than cup-shaped blooms. Extensive 'forcing' of this bulb occurs in Half Moon Bay in California where several growers chill the lights in proprietary methods to satisfy frosty dormancy which results in formation of buds inside a predicted range of weeks - often 5 weeks at 55 ?F (13 ?C).
Herbaceous crops (in botanical use frequently simply herbal remedies) are plants that have no consistent woody stem above surface. Herbaceous crops may be annuals, biennials or perennials. Total annual herbaceous plants pass away completely by the end of the growing season or when they may have flowered and fruited, and they then expand again from seed. Herbaceous perennial and biennial plants may have stems that die by the end of the growing season, but parts of the plant make it through under or near the ground from season to season (for biennials, before next growing season, when they flower and perish). New growth produces from living cells staying on or under the bottom, including root base, a caudex (a thickened portion of the stem at walk out) or various types of underground stems, such as light bulbs, corms, stolons, rhizomes and tubers. Examples of herbaceous biennials include carrot, parsnip and common ragwort; herbaceous perennials include potato, peony, hosta, mint, most ferns and most grasses. In comparison, non-herbaceous perennial plant life are woody plant life which have stems above ground that remain alive during the dormant season and grow shoots another season from the above-ground parts - these include trees, shrubs and vines.
Fuchsia freesia for wedding flowers. wedding flower ideas Pintere
on Pinterest Freesia flowers, Watercolour and Watercolors
Found on imaginaryfoundation.com
tel 02380 869 974 mob 07930 236 133 info@exclusivelyweddings.co.uk
wedding bouquets all white roses gardenia freesia Wedding Flowers
Freesia is a genus of herbaceous perennial flowering plant life in the family Iridaceae, first referred to as a genus in 1866 by Chr. Fr. Echlon (1795-1868) and known as after German botanist and doctor Friedrich Freese (1794-1878). It is local to the eastern side of southern Africa, from Kenya south to South Africa, most species being within Cape Provinces. Kinds of the former genus Anomatheca are actually contained in Freesia. The plants often called "freesias", with fragrant funnel-shaped bouquets, are cultivated hybrids of a number of Freesia varieties. Some other kinds are also expanded as ornamental crops.
They are herbaceous crops which increase from a conical corm 1-2.5 cm diameter, which delivers up a tuft of thin leaves 10-30 cm long, and a sparsely branched stem 10-40 cm large bearing a few leaves and a loose one-sided spike of blooms with six tepals. Many kinds have fragrant narrowly funnel-shaped flowers, although those previously placed in the genus Anomatheca, such as F. laxa, have toned flowers. Freesias are being used as food vegetation by the larvae of some Lepidoptera varieties including Large Yellow Underwing.
CULTIVATION AND USES
The plants usually called "freesias" are derived from crosses manufactured in the 19th hundred years between F. refracta and F. leichtlinii. Numerous cultivars have been bred from these varieties and the green- and yellow-flowered kinds of F. corymbosa. Modern tetraploid cultivars have blossoms which range from white to yellow, pink, red and blue-mauve. These are mostly cultivated skillfully in the Netherlands by about 80 growers.[3] Freesias can be immediately increased from seed. Because of their specific and pleasing scent, they are generally used in side ointments, shampoos, candles, etc.[citation needed], however, the flowers are mainly used in wedding bouquets. They could be planted in the fall season in USDA Hardiness Zones 9-10 (i.e. where in fact the temperature will not fall season below about -7 ?C (20 ?F)), and in the spring in Zones 4-8.
Freesia laxa (formerly called Lapeirousia laxa or Anomatheca cruenta) is one of the other types of the genus which is often cultivated. Smaller than the scented freesia cultivars, it offers flat rather than cup-shaped flowers. Extensive 'forcing' of the bulb occurs in Half Moon Bay in California where several growers chill the bulbs in proprietary solutions to satisfy wintry dormancy which results in development of buds within the predicted volume of weeks - often 5 weeks at 55 ?F (13 ?C).
Herbaceous vegetation (in botanical use frequently simply natural remedies) are plant life that contain no persistent woody stem above ground. Herbaceous plants may be annuals, biennials or perennials. Total annual herbaceous plants pass away completely at the end of the growing season or when they may have flowered and fruited, and they then expand again from seed. Herbaceous perennial and biennial vegetation may have stems that die by the end of the growing season, but elements of the plant survive under or close to the bottom from season to season (for biennials, before next growing season, when they blossom and perish). New progress evolves from living tissue remaining on or under the ground, including roots, a caudex (a thickened part of the stem at walk out) or various types of underground stems, such as light bulbs, corms, stolons, rhizomes and tubers. Examples of herbaceous biennials include carrot, parsnip and common ragwort; herbaceous perennials include potato, peony, hosta, mint, most ferns and most grasses. By contrast, non-herbaceous perennial crops are woody plants that have stems above floor that continue to be alive during the dormant season and develop shoots the next time from the above-ground parts - these include trees and shrubs, shrubs and vines.
freesia fleursfreesia Pinterest
Freesia Single Red Lifestyle Collection Bulbs £2.49 Garden4Less
Figured are bulb, basal fan of leaves and racemes of greenishpurple
Rainbow Club Freesia Headband Bridal Jewellery Crystal Bridal
Freesia, roses, and lisianthus bouquet by Jackson Florist amp; Garden
Freesia is a genus of herbaceous perennial flowering vegetation in the family Iridaceae, first described as a genus in 1866 by Chr. Fr. Echlon (1795-1868) and known as after German botanist and doctor Friedrich Freese (1794-1878). It is native to the eastern part of southern Africa, from Kenya south to South Africa, most varieties being found in Cape Provinces. Types of the ex - genus Anomatheca are now contained in Freesia. The crops often called "freesias", with fragrant funnel-shaped flowers, are cultivated hybrids of a number of Freesia varieties. Some other varieties are also grown as ornamental plant life.
They are herbaceous plant life which develop from a conical corm 1-2.5 cm size, which directs up a tuft of small leaves 10-30 cm long, and a sparsely branched stem 10-40 cm large bearing a few leaves and a loose one-sided spike of plants with six tepals. Many types have fragrant narrowly funnel-shaped plants, although those formerly located in the genus Anomatheca, such as F. laxa, have chiseled flowers. Freesias are used as food crops by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Large Yellowish Underwing.
CULTIVATION AND USES
The crops usually called "freesias" derive from crosses manufactured in the 19th century between F. refracta and F. leichtlinii. Numerous cultivars have been bred from these species and the red- and yellow-flowered types of F. corymbosa. Modern tetraploid cultivars have blossoms ranging from white to yellow, red, red and blue-mauve. They are mostly cultivated properly in holland by about 80 growers.[3] Freesias can be commonly increased from seed. Because of their specific and satisfying scent, they are generally used in hands lotions, shampoos, candles, etc.[citation needed], however, the blooms are mainly utilized in wedding bouquets. They could be planted in the semester in USDA Hardiness Zones 9-10 (i.e. where the temperature will not fall season below about -7 ?C (20 ?F)), and in the springtime in Areas 4-8.
Freesia laxa (previously called Lapeirousia laxa or Anomatheca cruenta) is one of the other kinds of the genus which is commonly cultivated. Smaller than the scented freesia cultivars, it offers flat somewhat than cup-shaped flowers. Extensive 'forcing' of this bulb occurs in Half Moon Bay in California where several growers chill the light bulbs in proprietary methods to satisfy chilly dormancy which results in formation of buds within a predicted number of weeks - often 5 weeks at 55 ?F (13 ?C).
Herbaceous plant life (in botanical use frequently simply natural remedies) are plant life that have no prolonged woody stem above floor. Herbaceous vegetation may be annuals, biennials or perennials. Annual herbaceous plants perish completely at the end of the growing season or when they have flowered and fruited, and they then grow again from seed. Herbaceous perennial and biennial plant life may have stems that pass away by the end of the growing season, but parts of the plant make it through under or near the bottom from season to season (for biennials, until the next growing season, when they flower and perish). New progress grows from living cells remaining on or under the ground, including origins, a caudex (a thickened part of the stem at walk out) or numerous kinds of underground stems, such as light bulbs, corms, stolons, rhizomes and tubers. Types of herbaceous biennials include carrot, parsnip and common ragwort; herbaceous perennials include potato, peony, hosta, mint, most ferns and most grasses. In comparison, non-herbaceous perennial vegetation are woody crops which have stems above surface that continue to be alive through the dormant season and grow shoots the next year from the above-ground parts - included in these are trees, shrubs and vines.
wedding freesia s de fresias floral freesia freesia s 12 repins
Photos, illustrations et vidéos de freesia
Freesia Ikebana Japanese Floral Arrangement Artificial Fuchsia Freesia
Freesia field Hachijo Fuji Hachijojima Island Izu 7 island Tokyo Blue
Bean Throwing Festival, 2312 » Ikenbana 5, freesia and roses
Freesia is a genus of herbaceous perennial flowering plants in the family Iridaceae, first described as a genus in 1866 by Chr. Fr. Echlon (1795-1868) and called after German botanist and doctor Friedrich Freese (1794-1878). It really is local to the eastern aspect of southern Africa, from Kenya south to South Africa, most species being found in Cape Provinces. Kinds of the former genus Anomatheca are actually included in Freesia. The crops commonly known as "freesias", with fragrant funnel-shaped bouquets, are cultivated hybrids of lots of Freesia species. Some other species are also cultivated as ornamental crops.
They may be herbaceous crops which grow from a conical corm 1-2.5 cm size, which delivers up a tuft of small leaves 10-30 cm long, and a sparsely branched stem 10-40 cm large bearing a few leaves and a loose one-sided spike of blooms with six tepals. Many kinds have fragrant narrowly funnel-shaped bouquets, although those formerly placed in the genus Anomatheca, such as F. laxa, have smooth flowers. Freesias are being used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera types including Large Yellow Underwing.
CULTIVATION AND USES
The vegetation usually called "freesias" derive from crosses manufactured in the 19th hundred years between F. refracta and F. leichtlinii. Numerous cultivars have been bred from these kinds and the pink- and yellow-flowered forms of F. corymbosa. Modern tetraploid cultivars have blooms which range from white to yellow, pink, red and blue-mauve. These are mostly cultivated expertly in the Netherlands by about 80 growers.[3] Freesias can be quickly increased from seed. Because of the specific and attractive scent, they are often used in hand products, shampoos, candles, etc.[citation needed], however, the bouquets are mainly utilized in wedding bouquets. They can be planted in the land in USDA Hardiness Areas 9-10 (i.e. where in fact the temperature does not land below about -7 ?C (20 ?F)), and in the spring in Zones 4-8.
Freesia laxa (formerly called Lapeirousia laxa or Anomatheca cruenta) is one of the other varieties of the genus which is commonly cultivated. Smaller than the scented freesia cultivars, it includes flat alternatively than cup-shaped flowers. Extensive 'forcing' of the bulb occurs in Half Moon Bay in California where several growers chill the bulbs in proprietary methods to satisfy frigid dormancy which results in development of buds in just a predicted amount of weeks - often 5 weeks at 55 ?F (13 ?C).
Herbaceous plant life (in botanical use frequently simply natural remedies) are vegetation that contain no prolonged woody stem above ground. Herbaceous plant life may be annuals, biennials or perennials. Annual herbaceous plants expire completely by the end of the growing season or when they have flowered and fruited, and they then expand again from seed. Herbaceous perennial and biennial crops may have stems that die at the end of the growing season, but parts of the plant make it through under or near the bottom from season to season (for biennials, before next growing season, when they bloom and expire). New growth grows from living tissue left over on or under the bottom, including root base, a caudex (a thickened portion of the stem at ground level) or various types of underground stems, such as lights, corms, stolons, rhizomes and tubers. Examples of herbaceous biennials include carrot, parsnip and common ragwort; herbaceous perennials include potato, peony, hosta, mint, most ferns & most grasses. In comparison, non-herbaceous perennial vegetation are woody vegetation that have stems above earth that continue to be alive through the dormant season and increase shoots the next calendar year from the above-ground parts - included in these are trees and shrubs, shrubs and vines.
freesia, and sweet pea, Dallas wedding flowers by AntebellumDesign.com
Freesia Flower Season The Best Flowers Ideas
orchids and burgundy dahlia wedding flowers by Dallas wedding florist
Freesia Dallas Dress: LeAnn39;s Bridal Boutique Rentals: Lawson Event
White Roses and Freesias
Freesia is a genus of herbaceous perennial flowering crops in the family Iridaceae, first described as a genus in 1866 by Chr. Fr. Echlon (1795-1868) and called after German botanist and doctor Friedrich Freese (1794-1878). It really is native to the eastern part of southern Africa, from Kenya south to South Africa, most varieties being found in Cape Provinces. Varieties of the former genus Anomatheca are actually contained in Freesia. The crops often called "freesias", with fragrant funnel-shaped plants, are cultivated hybrids of a number of Freesia varieties. Some other types are also expanded as ornamental plants.
They are herbaceous plant life which expand from a conical corm 1-2.5 cm diameter, which sends up a tuft of small leaves 10-30 cm long, and a sparsely branched stem 10-40 cm extra tall bearing a few leaves and a loose one-sided spike of blossoms with six tepals. Many species have fragrant narrowly funnel-shaped bouquets, although those previously placed in the genus Anomatheca, such as F. laxa, have flat flowers. Freesias are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Large Yellowish Underwing.
CULTIVATION AND USES
The plant life usually called "freesias" derive from crosses manufactured in the 19th hundred years between F. refracta and F. leichtlinii. Numerous cultivars have been bred from these varieties and the red- and yellow-flowered forms of F. corymbosa. Modern tetraploid cultivars have blooms which range from white to yellow, green, red and blue-mauve. They are really mostly cultivated properly in holland by about 80 growers.[3] Freesias can be immediately increased from seed. Because of their specific and satisfying scent, they are generally used in side ointments, shampoos, candles, etc.[citation needed], however, the flowers are mainly used in wedding bouquets. They could be planted in the semester in USDA Hardiness Areas 9-10 (i.e. where in fact the temperature will not land below about -7 ?C (20 ?F)), and in the springtime in Areas 4-8.
Freesia laxa (previously called Lapeirousia laxa or Anomatheca cruenta) is one of the other varieties of the genus which is often cultivated. Smaller than the scented freesia cultivars, they have flat rather than cup-shaped flowers. Extensive 'forcing' of the bulb occurs in Half Moon Bay in California where several growers chill the lights in proprietary solutions to satisfy chilly dormancy which results in creation of buds within the predicted volume of weeks - often 5 weeks at 55 ?F (13 ?C).
Herbaceous crops (in botanical use frequently simply herbal remedies) are plants which may have no continual woody stem above floor. Herbaceous plants may be annuals, biennials or perennials. Total annual herbaceous plants die completely at the end of the growing season or when they may have flowered and fruited, plus they then expand again from seed. Herbaceous perennial and biennial plants may have stems that pass away by the end of the growing season, but parts of the plant make it through under or near to the bottom from season to season (for biennials, before next growing season, when they blossom and perish). New growth evolves from living tissue left over on or under the ground, including origins, a caudex (a thickened portion of the stem at walk out) or numerous kinds of underground stems, such as light bulbs, corms, stolons, rhizomes and tubers. Examples of herbaceous biennials include carrot, parsnip and common ragwort; herbaceous perennials include potato, peony, hosta, mint, most ferns & most grasses. In comparison, non-herbaceous perennial plants are woody plants which have stems above ground that stay alive during the dormant season and increase shoots the next time from the above-ground parts - included in these are trees, shrubs and vines.
Bouquets on Pinterest
Sunshine’s Yellow Wedding Bouquet Utah Wedding Florist » CALIE
Wedding Color Wednesday Orlando Wedding and Event Planner The
Daisy Chain Kinsale Weddings Hot Girls Wallpaper
